Bacteria are not the problem, and their adaptability is far better than the multi-cellular organism

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A regular paradigm shift appears to be approaching in biology: we are not top of evolution, but at the bottom of the hierarchy and must therefore protect us from destruction by becoming more complex. By Robin Engelhardt 12 December pineapple baby food 2009 kl. 12:00
It has not gone up as much yet, but the idea that human evolution is equivalent pineapple baby food to "survival of the fittest" - that is the best fit to survive - have long been marginalized by new knowledge.
"The theory is beautiful and shows Darwin's great ability to observe the world around him, but to apply it dogmatically in humans and higher eukaryotes is crazy. With such a small population, and so great a probability to fixate negative or neutral mutations in a population through random operation, pineapple baby food it makes no sense, either a dynamic or evolutionary perspective. "
Also downstairs in the proteins and genes takes place processes that have natural selection to look like a turtle in a race: Gene duplication, recombination and accumulation of neutral and bad mutations are far more effective in creating a unique species. For if there were only Darwinian selection, there would probably not live more than bacteria on earth. Altmuligmænd become experts
Ariel Fernandez, along with Jianping Chen from Beijing University analyzed thousands of human proteins and their coding genes. In an article in the trade journal Genome Research shows that our biological complexity is largely due to the many gene duplications that have been accumulated in the body, and gradually created specialized proteins to the skin, bones, organs, blood, immune system, brain and so on. For each of these cell types are needed even more specialized protein-coding genes, which maintains and regulates them.
Bacteria are not the problem, and their adaptability is far better than the multi-cellular organisms. In a strict biological sense the bacteria and microorganisms therefore higher in the evolutionary pecking order than humans.
"We are at the end of the evolutionary speed distribution, while the bacteria are in the front. It may very well create a bottleneck, and if there were major upheavals, we would people certainly be among the first to disappear, "explains Fernandez. pineapple baby food
"Imagine two employees of a company to do the same work. It makes them a little lazy. The manager's only justification for keeping them both is to get them to do their role ie. specialize them. "
"So it is in our body. The tasks will be fine-tuned using micro-RNA, creating a division of labor. The precondition for this to happen is a random non-adaptive process, but the result is ultimately still higher local fitness through a higher capacity pineapple baby food for specialization. The neutral evolution
"This is precisely the potential roots for new protein-protein interactions, which is the hallmark of the development of complex multicellular species," says professor of evolution and population pineapple baby food genetics Michael Lynch of Indiana University in the U.S., commenting on the publication.
Lynch has previously shown that natural selection is less efficient in humans than in, for example bacteria, because of the much lower population size in humans means that we easily get caught by neutral or slightly negative mutations.
In the history of ideas perspective, the neutral theory therefore of great importance, for now it was not the "best fit" that were essential for survival, but the diversity and plasticity, that is, the population's ability to move with omverdensbetingelsernes gradual changes .
An appropriate analogy to the neutral theory could be basic research, where in the beginning might not understand what the many crazy scientists (= random mutations) will be used for purposes other than to burden the research budget (= inefficient selection), but gradually shows the itself (= neutral operation) that they become key experts (= specialization) pineapple baby food which are essential (= fixation) to society many elements to work (= increased complexity). That we humans actually exist, so (with a twinkle in his eye) is seen as a proof that basic research pays off. Not popped enough
The reason for the non-adaptive neutral pineapple baby food theory has not found their place in the vernacular, according pineapple baby food to science philosopher Peter C. Kjaergaard from Aarhus University and Cambridge University that it is too difficult and unsexy:
"The poor knowledge of the neutral theory should pineapple baby food be viewed in the context of a generally very poor knowledge of standard concepts of the theory of evolution. Most people know "natural selectivity